TOWARDS IMPROVED HYDROLOGIC LAND SURFACE MODELLING: ENHANCED MODEL IDENTIFICATION AND INTEGRATION OF WATER MANAGEMENT

Large-scale hydrological models are essential tools for addressing emerging water security challenges. They enable us to understand and predict changes in water cycle at river-basin, continental, and global scales. This thesis aimed to improve ‘land surface models’ for large-scale hydrological modelling applications. Specifically, the research contributions were made across four fronts: (1) improving the conventional procedure for parameter identification of hydrological processes by using new sources of remotely-sensed data in addition to streamflow data within a multi-objective optimization and sensitivity analysis framework, (2) developing and integrating an efficient parameterization scheme for the representation of reservoirs into the land surface model for realistic representation of downstream flows, which can further feedback to land surface and atmospheric models, (3) demonstrating how precipitation uncertainty from multiple high-resolution precipitation products influences the performance of a land-surface based hydrological model, and (4) developing an enhanced and comprehensive large-scale hydrologic model for a complex and heavily regulated watershed. The analyses and results of this thesis illuminated important issues and their solutions in large-scale hydrological modelling. First, the multi-objective optimization and sensitivity analysis approach using multiple state and flux variables and performance criteria enables robust model parameterization and lessens issues around parameter equifinality in the highly-parameterized land surface models. Second, the dynamic parameterization of reservoir operation, based on multiple storage zones and reservoir release targets, improves the simulation of reservoir storage dynamics and downstream release, and subsequently, significantly improves the fidelity of land surface models when modeling managed basins. Third, there is a critical need for a rigorous evaluation of precipitation datasets widely used for forcing land surface models. The datasets investigated here showed considerable discrepancies, bringing their utility for land surface modelling into question. Fourth, effective parameterization and calibration of land surface models is critically important, particularly in large, complex, and highly-regulated basins

Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Bersih Untuk Zona Pelayanan IPA Pilolodaa Kota Gorontalo

Sistem jaringan air bersih adalah suatu sistem suplai air bersih yang meliputi sistem transmisi dan reservoar. Sistem distribusi atau perpipaan dioperasikan sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat memenuhi kebutuhan air bersih.Zona pelayanan IPA Pilolodaa terletak di Kota Barat, Kota Gorontalo. Saat ini sebagian wilayah pelayanan tersebut telah mendapat pelayanan air bersih dari PDAM, namun sebagian wilayah pelayanan tidak mendapatkan air bersih. Penyebabnya adalah wilayah tersebut berada pada dataran yang lebih tinggi dari PDAM, sehingga tekanan air untuk distribusinya terbatas.Dengan menggunakan analisa eksponensial, hasil proyeksi jumlah penduduk zona pelayanan IPA Pilolodaa pada tahun 2032 yakni berjumlah 18.537 jiwa dengan total kebutuhan air bersih mencapai 40,164 liter/detik. Agar kebutuhan air bersih terpenuhi maka dibangun 2 reservoir, masing-masing bertipe ground reservoir dengan ukuran 11m x 11m x 3m dan 15m x 15m x 3m. Sistem distribusi menggunakan sistem kombinasi antara sistem pompa dan gravitasi, dengan hasil perhitungan diameter pipa transmisi ke masing-masing reservoar adalah 175 mm dan 200 mm, untuk pipa distribusi bervariasi antara 50 mm - 200 mm. Untuk mendesain sistem penyediaan air bersih digunakan software EPANET 2.0

PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM PENYEDIAAN AIR BERSIH UNTUK ZONA PELAYANAN IPA PILOLODAA KOTA GORONTALO

Sistem jaringan air bersih adalah suatu sistem suplai air bersih yang meliputi sistem transmisi dan reservoar. Sistem distribusi atau perpipaan dioperasikan sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat memenuhi kebutuhan air bersih.Zona pelayanan IPA Pilolodaa terletak di Kota Barat, Kota Gorontalo. Saat ini sebagian wilayah pelayanan tersebut telah mendapat pelayanan air bersih dari PDAM, namun sebagian wilayah pelayanan tidak mendapatkan air bersih. Penyebabnya adalah wilayah tersebut berada pada dataran yang lebih tinggi dari PDAM, sehingga tekanan air untuk distribusinya terbatas.Dengan menggunakan analisa eksponensial, hasil proyeksi jumlah penduduk zona pelayanan IPA Pilolodaa pada tahun 2032 yakni berjumlah 18.537 jiwa dengan total kebutuhan air bersih mencapai 40,164 liter/detik. Agar kebutuhan air bersih terpenuhi maka dibangun 2 reservoir, masing-masing bertipe ground reservoir dengan ukuran 11m x 11m x 3m dan 15m x 15m x 3m. Sistem distribusi menggunakan sistem kombinasi antara sistem pompa dan gravitasi, dengan hasil perhitungan diameter pipa transmisi ke masing-masing reservoar adalah 175 mm dan 200 mm, untuk pipa distribusi bervariasi antara 50 mm - 200 mm. Untuk mendesain sistem penyediaan air bersih digunakan software EPANET 2.0.Kata kunci : Air bersih, Perpipaan, Sistem Penyediaan

Management of hospitalized drug sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis patients during the Hajj mass gathering: A cross sectional study

Background To document the management of drug-sensitive TB patients during the Hajj and assess compliance with the Saudi TB management guidelines. Method The study was conducted in hospitals in Makkah during the 2016 and 2017 Hajj seasons. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data on relevant indices on TB management and a scoring system was developed to assess compliance with guidelines. Results Data was collected from 31 TB cases, 65.4% (17/26) were Saudi residents. Sputum culture was the only diagnostic test applied in 67.7% (21/31) of patients. Most (96.8%, 30/31) confirmed TB cases were isolated, but only 12.9% (4/28) were tested for HIV and merely 37% (10/27) received the recommended four 1st-line anti-TB drugs. Guideline compliance scores were highest for infection prevention and control and surveillance (9.6/10) and identifying TB suspects (7.2/10). The least scores were obtained for treating TB (5.0/10) and diagnosing TB (3.0/10). Conclusions Healthcare providers training and supervision are paramount to improve their knowledge and skill and ensure their compliance with existing TB management guidelines. However, there may be a need for the introduction of an international policy/guideline for TB control and management during mass gatherings such as the Hajj to guide providers’ choices and facilitate monitoring

ShORRT (Short, all-Oral Regimens for Rifampicin-resistant Tuberculosis) Research Package

TDR in close collaboration with the Global TB Programme at WHO and technical partners the WHO Global TB Programme is leading the development of ShORRT (Short, all-Oral Regimens For Rifampicin-resistant Tuberculosis), an operational research package to assess the effectiveness, safety, feasibility, acceptability, cost and impact (including on health-related quality of life) of the use of all-oral shorter drug regimens for adults and children with MDR/RR-TB

Summary and synthesis of Changing Cold Regions Network (CCRN) research in the interior of western Canada – Part 2: Future change in cryosphere, vegetation, and hydrology

CCRN from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) through their Climate Change and Atmospheric Research (CCAR) programPeer ReviewedThe interior of western Canada, like many similar cold mid- to high-latitude regions worldwide, is undergoing extensive and rapid climate and environmental change, which may accelerate in the coming decades. Understanding and predicting changes in coupled climate–land– hydrological systems are crucial to society yet limited by lack of understanding of changes in cold-region process responses and interactions, along with their representation in most current-generation land-surface and hydrological models. It is essential to consider the underlying processes and base predictive models on the proper physics, especially under conditions of non-stationarity where the past is no longer a reliable guide to the future and system trajectories can be unexpected. These challenges were forefront in the recently completed Changing Cold Regions Network (CCRN), which assembled and focused a wide range of multi-disciplinary expertise to improve the understanding, diagnosis, and prediction of change over the cold interior of western Canada. CCRN advanced knowledge of fundamental cold-region ecological and hydrological processes through observation and experimentation across a network of highly instrumented research basins and other sites. Significant efforts were made to improve the functionality and process representation, based on this improved understanding, within the fine-scale Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling (CRHM) platform and the large-scale Modélisation Environmentale Communautaire (MEC) – Surface and Hydrology (MESH) model. These models were, and continue to be, applied under past and projected future climates and under current and expected future land and vegetation cover configurations to diagnose historical change and predict possible future hydrological responses. This second of two articles synthesizes the nature and understanding of cold-region processes and Earth system responses to future climate, as advanced by CCRN. These include changing precipitation and moisture feedbacks to the atmosphere; altered snow regimes, changing balance of snowfall and rainfall, and glacier loss; vegetation responses to climate and the loss of ecosystem resilience to wildfire and disturbance; thawing permafrost and its influence on landscapes and hydrology; groundwater storage and cycling and its connections to surface water; and stream and river discharge as influenced by the various drivers of hydrological change. Collective insights, expert elicitation, and model application are used to provide a synthesis of this change over the CCRN region for the late 21st century

Competences and skills of new supervisors in construction production

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att ta reda på de kompetenser och färdigheter en nybliven arbetsledare inom produktion behöver erhållit. I bakgrunden beskrivs det vad en arbetsledare är för något samt vad den har för arbetsuppgifter översiktligt. I denna studie har det använts två olika metoder för datainsamling i form av en litteraturstudie samt en kvalitativ intervjustudie. I intervjustudien intervjuades det fem arbetsledare samt en platschef inom både anläggning och husbyggnad, i litteraturstudien granskades det ett flertalvetenskapliga rapporter och examensarbeten inom ämnet som därefter skulle styrkas av respondenternas svar. Utifrån intervjustudien kunde samlade data granskas och sammanställas för att skriva resultatet. Resultatet visar på att man som arbetsledare har flera olika arbetsuppgifter såsom planering, samordning samt problemlösning. Men den visade även på att man som en bra arbetsledare behöver ha egenskaper såsom ödmjukhet, bra kommunikation och bestämdhet kring planering, ekonomihantering och tidplansplanering. Om man lyckades uppfylla följande egenskaper skulle man komma långt som arbetsledare samt förhindra problem som annars hade uppstått. Det framkom även att man som nybliven arbetsledare upplever sina första månader olika beroende på hur infasningen av rollen som arbetsledare såg ut. Där många av respondenterna beskrev att det var mest lämpligt att utse en kompetent, öppen och villig mentor. För att den nyblivna arbetsledaren ska få möjligheten till att utvecklas och lära sig för att därefter kunna utföra arbetet självgående. Slutsatsen visar på att man efter en högskoleutbildning ska ha med sig grundläggande kunskaper om bland annat programvaror såsom EXCEL och Bluebeam. Men även grundläggande kunskaper inom bland annat mängdberäkning, ritningsläsning, konstruktionsteknik, byggnadsmekanik samt byggnadsmaterial. Färdigheter man får med sig från en högskoleutbildning ger möjligheten till de flesta jobben inom byggbranschen. Medan en yrkeshögskoleutbildning är mer anpassad till rollen som arbetsledare då utbildningen har en kombination av praktik och grundläggande teori. Detta lägger grunden för de kompetenser och färdigheter man behöver som nybliven arbetsledare. Men det viktigaste som nybliven arbetsledare är att man är ödmjuk, visar intresse och nyfikenhet, att man är ambitiös och vågar ställa frågor.  The aim of this thesis is to determine the competencies and skills required by a newly appointed production supervisor. The background provides an overview of the role and responsibilities of a supervisor in production. This study employed two different methods of data collection, a literature review and qualitative interviews. The interview study involved five supervisors and one site manager in both construction and building projects, while the literature review examined several scientific reports and theses on the subject, which were then validated by the respondents' answers. Based on the interview study, the collected data were reviewed and compiled to form the results. The findings demonstrate that a supervisor has various tasks, including planning, coordination, and problem-solving. It also highlights the qualities that make a good supervisor, such as humility, effective communication, and decisiveness in areas such as planning, financial management, and scheduling. Possessing these qualities enables supervisors to excel and prevent potential issues. The study also revealed that the initial experiences of newly appointed supervisors vary depending on how the transition into the role is managed. Many respondents described the appointment of a competent, open, and willing mentor as the most suitable approach. This provides individuals with opportunities for development and learning, ultimately enabling them to work independently. So, in conclusion after completing a higher education degree individuals should possess fundamental knowledge of software applications like EXCEL and Bluebeam as well as basic skills in quantity estimation, blueprint reading, construction techniques, structural mechanics, and building materials. Engineering education equips individuals with the necessary skills for most jobs in the construction industry, while vocational education tailored to the role of supervisor combines practical experience with fundamental theory. These educational foundations contribute to the competencies and skills needed for newly appointed supervisors. However, the most important thing as a newly appointed supervisor is to be humble, show interest and curiosity, be ambitious and willing to ask questions

Competences and skills of new supervisors in construction production

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att ta reda på de kompetenser och färdigheter en nybliven arbetsledare inom produktion behöver erhållit. I bakgrunden beskrivs det vad en arbetsledare är för något samt vad den har för arbetsuppgifter översiktligt. I denna studie har det använts två olika metoder för datainsamling i form av en litteraturstudie samt en kvalitativ intervjustudie. I intervjustudien intervjuades det fem arbetsledare samt en platschef inom både anläggning och husbyggnad, i litteraturstudien granskades det ett flertalvetenskapliga rapporter och examensarbeten inom ämnet som därefter skulle styrkas av respondenternas svar. Utifrån intervjustudien kunde samlade data granskas och sammanställas för att skriva resultatet. Resultatet visar på att man som arbetsledare har flera olika arbetsuppgifter såsom planering, samordning samt problemlösning. Men den visade även på att man som en bra arbetsledare behöver ha egenskaper såsom ödmjukhet, bra kommunikation och bestämdhet kring planering, ekonomihantering och tidplansplanering. Om man lyckades uppfylla följande egenskaper skulle man komma långt som arbetsledare samt förhindra problem som annars hade uppstått. Det framkom även att man som nybliven arbetsledare upplever sina första månader olika beroende på hur infasningen av rollen som arbetsledare såg ut. Där många av respondenterna beskrev att det var mest lämpligt att utse en kompetent, öppen och villig mentor. För att den nyblivna arbetsledaren ska få möjligheten till att utvecklas och lära sig för att därefter kunna utföra arbetet självgående. Slutsatsen visar på att man efter en högskoleutbildning ska ha med sig grundläggande kunskaper om bland annat programvaror såsom EXCEL och Bluebeam. Men även grundläggande kunskaper inom bland annat mängdberäkning, ritningsläsning, konstruktionsteknik, byggnadsmekanik samt byggnadsmaterial. Färdigheter man får med sig från en högskoleutbildning ger möjligheten till de flesta jobben inom byggbranschen. Medan en yrkeshögskoleutbildning är mer anpassad till rollen som arbetsledare då utbildningen har en kombination av praktik och grundläggande teori. Detta lägger grunden för de kompetenser och färdigheter man behöver som nybliven arbetsledare. Men det viktigaste som nybliven arbetsledare är att man är ödmjuk, visar intresse och nyfikenhet, att man är ambitiös och vågar ställa frågor.  The aim of this thesis is to determine the competencies and skills required by a newly appointed production supervisor. The background provides an overview of the role and responsibilities of a supervisor in production. This study employed two different methods of data collection, a literature review and qualitative interviews. The interview study involved five supervisors and one site manager in both construction and building projects, while the literature review examined several scientific reports and theses on the subject, which were then validated by the respondents' answers. Based on the interview study, the collected data were reviewed and compiled to form the results. The findings demonstrate that a supervisor has various tasks, including planning, coordination, and problem-solving. It also highlights the qualities that make a good supervisor, such as humility, effective communication, and decisiveness in areas such as planning, financial management, and scheduling. Possessing these qualities enables supervisors to excel and prevent potential issues. The study also revealed that the initial experiences of newly appointed supervisors vary depending on how the transition into the role is managed. Many respondents described the appointment of a competent, open, and willing mentor as the most suitable approach. This provides individuals with opportunities for development and learning, ultimately enabling them to work independently. So, in conclusion after completing a higher education degree individuals should possess fundamental knowledge of software applications like EXCEL and Bluebeam as well as basic skills in quantity estimation, blueprint reading, construction techniques, structural mechanics, and building materials. Engineering education equips individuals with the necessary skills for most jobs in the construction industry, while vocational education tailored to the role of supervisor combines practical experience with fundamental theory. These educational foundations contribute to the competencies and skills needed for newly appointed supervisors. However, the most important thing as a newly appointed supervisor is to be humble, show interest and curiosity, be ambitious and willing to ask questions